Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Monetary Accounting Concepts - Essay Example The higher the current proportion the more prominent is the company’s capacity to cover its tabs. It is likewise an instrument which additionally helps settle on judicious choices with regards to a company’s destinations. This is the motivation behind why the bank demanded that they keep up a current proportion of 1.5. This would likewise empower the bank to keep a track on the company’s working. The bookkeeping standard pertinent here is conservatism. Traditionalist bookkeeping can just aim transitory increment in the company’s income. The impact is impermanent and the genuine may contrast and henceforth not thought about a decent marker of resulting income. Preservationist bookkeeping would bring up issues about the monetary record as well as about the salary proclamation. Bookkeeping conservatism just assists with decreasing divulgence. As indicated by me it would he exploitative to record the income of the new deal in December. It is consistently fitting to be straightforward with the bank in light of the fact that the connection with a bank is a drawn out one. On the off chance that the bank discovered on its own it would think about severely the organization and afterward the bank would be exceptionally mindful in every single future exchange too. Control may not be proposed by the organization yet banks would be wary in all future announcing by the organization incase they discovered. On the off chance that the organization records this income in December the current apportion would increment. They could finish the agreement in December itself and raise the bill. When the bill is raised, regardless of whether they get money for it or it stays as current receivables, the current proportion goes up. For this situation there is not much. Yet, as can be seen it is as of now the fifteenth December. Would it be conceivable to finish the agreement inside this period? Additionally, credit hosts to be given to the gathering so money installments can't be normal. However, if the agreement is executed in January and considered in December only for detailing, it would be a bogus

Childhood Obesity And Health Inequalities

Youth Obesity And Health Inequalities Youth corpulence is circulated lopsidedly in various areas. Financial status, racial gatherings, (lobstein et.al., 2006) being progressively basic in lower expectary and dismalness are basic in lower. Financial gathering in created nations like U.K (Wilkison.R Marmot R) thinking about these few variables. Sociological models endeavors to clarify wellbeing imbalances in the public arena which adds to youth heftiness. The second back report (exworthy 2003) distinguished imbalances in wellbeing and the (Acheson 1988a) reasoned that financial disparities and this investigate a mode with singular ways of life, financial status (Dahlgreen social determinants whitehead 1991) with a few model which clarifies the wellbeing disparities incorporates Singular conduct way of life culture. In this individual conduct the food propensities for the kids assumes a significant job in kids from lower-pay bunches are increasingly defenseless against weight because of fatty, high-fats in less expensive nourishments and restricted physical action ( Kumanjika 2008). In westernization or current social patterns eating, refreshments, quick nourishments in cafés and limited physical movement by guardians contributes for predominance of youth weight in higher salary gatherings. In help for this clarification about physical movement level or stationary action levels by kids have declined in U.K action idleness goes about as areas to speak to the commonness of heftiness (Gortmaker et., al) This individual conduct is picked to keep away from undesirable food propensities, idleness in youngsters and to receive solid propensities to conquer sick wellbeing. This individual conduct model gives clarification on way of life or culture of the parentschildren and this maintains a strategic distance from center cultural components for youth stoutness. Generally it is individualistic and change in conduct ought not itself wellbeing imbalances for enough to clarify youth stoutness. Other social variables are to be viewed as which contributes for another model- The realist Structuralist: This model spotlights on social variables and neediness as the principle factors for sick wellbeing identifying with youngster hood weight à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬ In U.K kids from low financial gatherings have somewhat higher chances than kids from higher pay gatherings (Stamatkis et. Al., 2005).Statically proof shows that youngsters from lower pay bunches represents (31%) to the kid hood corpulence (Wardle et al.,2006). This clarification bolsters neediness, as the fundamental driver for sick wellbeing in offspring of the lower social gatherings. The horribleness rates are steady from nineteenth century in low financial classes and even began startlingly expanding from a years ago of twentieth century (Mackenbach.P.J 2006). The legislature expressed no presence of destitution in Britain as shopper solid possession is even high in low salary gatherings (Goodman et. al., 1997).This explanation bombed by Breadline Britain Surveys which confirm 20% family units are beneath neediness line (Gordon 1997). This clarification contributes data to government to concentrate on low social classes to improve the expectations for everyday comforts to beat sick wellbeing in kids. This clarification is bolstered by: Marmot audit report-The social angle of wellbeing disparity confirmations if lower financial status the less fortunate is the wellbeing with entomb related components like-joblessness, lodging etc.,(Marmot Review Report 2010). This clarification determines that absence of assets, low wages, destitution are liable for sick wellbeing in youngsters and these elements are wild by the individual and to improve compensation, assets to the regular workers accentuation on legislative issues i.e., government is made which embraces a model Neo-Materialist model and this model underline on social, political, financial elements which influences the wellbeing and these are crazy of individual and incorporates results from associations like schools, cheap food chains etc.,(White.K 2010). This laid to a methodology by government in giving low fat snacks dinners in schools. This materialistic model clarification is huge to clarify about the entrepreneur nation like U.K. The legislature is with expanding disparities in wellbeing and salary levels (Mackenbach P.J. 2006). This shows approach making by the legislature should care for the wagestaxes of the common laborers. This clarification is upheld by the way that U.K destitution is turned around to 1930s from 1980s (Gordon 1997). What's more, augmented salary levels in U.K from 1980s (Wilkinson R.G). This materialistic model has been extended to life course move toward model-as the youth weight is hidden hazard factor for ceaseless infections like heart ailments, diabetes mellitus , hyper strain and so forth., ( Gortmaker.S.L et al., 1993) bolstered by youth stoutness nonstop to grown-up and is influenced by financial conditions (Viner M.R, Cole.T 2005). The materialistic model clarification shows that singular wellbeing or conduct is firmly affected by factors past the people control and this embraces a financial model (Acheson 1998a) need assets in the general public like joblessness, more significant expenses, low wages, absence of houses and so forth., are the social determinants which adds to sick wellbeing (Wang 2004). This gives clarification on connection among individual and their encompassing examinations recommends that social conditions assume a significant job in singular conduct. Kids from low financial status are increasingly defenseless against corpulence because of broken, less expensive food unhealthy eating routine and constrained physical action. This absence of assets by guardians of low pay class deters youngsters structure solid eating routine, physical movement and this help the evil wellbeing, stoutness is impacted by social conditions instead of person. The material assets is upheld by: Marmot Review Report- The yearly assessed cost of wellbeing imbalances is between  £36 billion to  £40 billion and is with social equity for conquering wellbeing disparities (Marmot Review Report 2010). This backings that equity in material assets to bring down pay class defeats wellbeing imbalances in further age of youngsters. The financial model investigates in considering psychosocial factors for youngster hood corpulence which is bolstered by kids with large moms, lower subjective incitement, lower salary levels are with expanded hazard for heftiness. This mental elements center around low confidence, youngsters with unfortunate conduct. Social procedures that are engaged with youth stoutness are closed by figuring speculation à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬ Relative destitution consequences for youngsters kid hood corpulence, Living gauges, family impact on youth weight, examination of status by kids in the public arena.

Essay (argument) Example

Essay (argument) Example Essay (argument) â€" Essay Example > IntroductionGambling is an activity that involves money wagering or rather something that is materially valuable during an event whose outcome is characterized with uncertainty with the key intention being to additional material goods and/or money (Becker and Murphy 2001, p. 10). This activity’s outcome to be realized takes only a very short period. Whether gambling should be acceptable within the society has been quite controversial issue with different states globally legalizing the activity and others terming it as an illegal activity. Leisure time also known free time is that which is usually spent without doing work, domestic chores and business. It may also refer to times when an individual is through the very necessary activities and has nothing else that is engaging. Gambling may be a leisure activity but the idea of whether it is an acceptable form for leisure raises concerns. Gambling may be viewed as an acceptable form of leisure for various reasons. People who do not know much about this activity are bound to think that it involves bad aspects. They may even have their deductions those individuals who engage in this activity as a form of leisure acquire habits that are not good. This may entirely not be the fact. The activity is understood to give its players pleasure at different ages (Bergler 2002, p. 33). Realistically gambling may be understood to be a form of leisure that is positive where people get entertained. It acts as a source of joy for individuals who in their old age wish to engage in some entertaining activity which they find interesting. From this perspective, gambling is demonstrated as being an acceptable form of leisure. It is the desire of each and every individual to undergo personal growth and development in all the aspects of the life including their mental abilities. This desire necessitates that individuals should engage in activities that foster such personal growth and development. Gambling being an acceptable form of leisure provides a chance that allows individuals to enhance their mental abilities. The activity is usually very mentally involving hence; the players need to think critically before making any steps or decisions while gambling. The game makes one to develop focus. It is a recommendation that individuals while gambling they should think their way through during each tough moment that they encounter while gambling. This activity therefore shows quite a high level of acceptability as far as it being a form of leisure is concerned. Another perspective that implicates gambling to be a form of leisure activity relates to the benefits that accrue from the entire activity. There is promotion of care and love for one another among the players due to the fact that, the players who understand the game properly offer help to those who need it. This is an act of kindness that promotes peace among people without any sense of self-centeredness. Apart from the players benefiting from the act ivity, there is an extended kind of benefit that further concerns the entire society. One of the benefits is the fact that there exist casino halls, which give charity to organizations, and institutions that are in need (Dunbar and Barret 2007, p. 66). This is a reflection that the activity is a form of leisure and which is acceptable.

Texting While Driving Essay - 846 Words

A study made by Virginia Tech, says that an individual is twenty-three times more likely to get in a car accident if they are distracted by a mobile device (cbsnews.com). Thirty-eight states have banned texting, and 8 states have partial bands on texting and driving. Evidence shows that drivers that are distracted by a phone, while behind the wheel of a 4000 pound vehicle endanger not only themselves but others as well. â€Å"You’re a hazardous driver to yourself and everybody else† (Web MD). The impacts and effects associated with texting and driving should be outlawed because of the danger that every single driver and passenger are at risk of. There have been studies that show that†¦show more content†¦Some countries are taking drastic actions by scaring people into stopping texting and driving by making gruesome informed commercials. They are showing the impact that one’s mindless driving, and texting can cause serious consequences. For example, there is one video that shows a car full of distracted teen’s texting while driving, which cause a head-on collision. The teens were looking at their phones instead of the road and merged into the other lane. They collided with a family. It showed the inside view of both vehicles, and how one small device used irresponsibly could cause so much danger. What is being done in the community about texting and driving? So far there have recently been attempts to try and pass a law to ban texting and driving. â€Å"Idaho is closest to joining Oregon and Washington; in the banning texting while driving proponents are trying to push through a bill† (House Bill141 and OPB News). However, Representative Marv Hagedorn said that texting and driving is ok as long as an individual’s driving is not distracted but that is pretty ridiculous because it has been shown that if an individual is texting and driving their attentions span is being affected. Therefore, Idaho is finally making a progress to take control of the texting and driving situation. If the law is passed, the worst punishment would be a 300 dollar fee and up to 90 days served in jail, however, it is unclear on how many warnings a repeat offender willShow MoreRelatedTexting While Driving And Driving1184 Words   |  5 Pagesexploring apps, to texting while driving, peop le cannot seem to put down their smart-devices. According to the passage Introduction to Cell Phones and Driving: At Issue, the average amount of texts people send daily runs from around 40 – 110 (2015). It may not seem like the highest number, but knowing that more than half of those messages are sent while driving makes the matter of texting a lot worse. At this point in time, there have been laws prohibiting texting and driving as well as talking onRead MoreTexting While Driving And Driving883 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernments try to make to avoid people texting while driving, only so much can be done on the government’s and law enforcement’s side of the matter. Different states have different rules. Some outlaw texting while driving when under the age of 21 or 18. Other states have hand-held bans on cell phones while some states have an all-phone ban. Law enforcement officers who regulate and enforce traffic matters have to catch the person in the act of tex ting while driving. Catching a person in the act is notRead Moretexting while driving1007 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Dangers of Texting While Driving Over the past few years, texting while driving has become a major issue for many Americans across the country. It has been the cause of many deaths and injuries and is a huge distraction for drivers. Texting while driving is said to be as dangerous as drunk driving. Many campaigns have been developed to further reduce the rate of accidents caused by texting while driving, but these are not taken to notice by the thousands of people taking their chancesRead MoreTexting While Driving And Driving993 Words   |  4 PagesTexting while Driving â€Å"Text messaging †¦ had the longest duration of eyes-off-road time of 4.6 seconds at a six second interval. This equates to a driver traveling the length of a football field at 55 miles per hour without looking at the roadway.† This statement was made by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute when they did a texting while driving study (â€Å"Skip Menu†). Texting while driving has become a large problem in the United States and it is growing. There are about 1,600,000 accidentsRead MoreTexting And Driving While Driving1518 Words   |  7 PagesSummary Texting in cars and trucks causes over 3,000 deaths and 330,000 injuries per year, according to a Harvard Centre for Risk Analysis study. Texting while driving a vehicle has now replaced drinking while driving as the leading cause of accidents and deaths of teenage drivers. Texting in traffic isn’t simply a problem among teens and 47% of adults admit that they text while driving. Texting drivers are 23 times more likely to be involved in a crash than non-texting drivers (Driving while TextingRead MoreTexting While Driving1688 Words   |  7 Pagescall while already out? Break out that cell phone and call whomever is needed; it is just that easy. Need to get a message to someone but not in a position to talk? Send a text message and get things squared away in just a few seconds. Nowadays, cell phones even come with all kinds of games and other fun applications that help to relieve boredom and occupy the time of the beholders. This is great and all, but what happens when these individuals are abusing these phones and using them while they areRead MoreTexting While Driving: Texting to Death1158 Words   |  5 P agesSeeing someone behind the wheel of a car and texting has become quite a frequent sight. Texting and driving is a serious hazard, which could ultimately cost you your life or others. This pressing issue needs well thought out ads that will convince people to act on this deadly habit and not just be aware of it. Through that idea I felt that my ad is a perfect fit for this problem. This will be revealed through understanding how important this topic is, while also understanding the pathos and logos behindRead MoreEssay on Public Service Announcements on Texting and Driving1154 Words   |  5 Pagesdisregard warnings and are most like to be distracted drivers, texting and driving PSA’s bring awareness and self consciousness to the general public as they display from moderate to severe graphic scenes on what happens when you take your eyes off of the wheel. A distracted driving PSA ad is not only one of the best ways to alert people of the consequences of unfocused driving, but it can also reduce the number of distracted driving incidents, thus keeping families not only careful and alert, butRead MoreDriving While Texting : Distracted Driving992 Words   |  4 Pagestraffic deaths nationwide were due to distracted driving. It is believed that distracted drivers are 23 times more likely to get into a traffic accident as compared to those who are completely focused on the road. The Ohio State Highway Patrol reports that there were 302,307 motor vehicle crashes in Ohio in 2015. These crashes resulted in 1,110 fatalities. 22 of these fatalities were attributed to drivers who were distracted by their phones, texting, emailing or other electronic communications. 17Read MoreA Research On Texting While Driving939 Words   |  4 Pagesphones to send or receive text messages while driving despite the majority recognizing that the activity represents a risk. It found that male drivers are more likely to engage in texting while driving but consider themselves more proficient drivers than others and so less likely to endanger themselves or others while doing so. Analysis indicates texting impulsiveness is positively associated with people who text frequently and those who text while driving, it reports in the International Journal

Essay on Survival Situations and Groups - 588 Words

The definition of survival is simply, the fact of remaining alive or in existence, especially after facing life-threatening danger. Whether it’s a short or long term survival; effort, great thought and preparation must be put in place for it to be successful. Likewise deciding to remain alone or join forces with an assemblage is an essential decision that must be made. Many movies and books portray the lone wolf braving the situation unaccompanied and valiant. Although this scenario may seem very idealistic, the reality is that going at it alone is perilous and the possibilities are certainly not in favor of the lone wolf. Furthermore most military establishments employ a group formation when going on missions where survival is of the†¦show more content†¦Increasing collection morale will customarily assist in inspiring the members of the group who are struggling with individual motivation. Approaching survival in groups allows members to divide work efforts among themselves; as a result allowing the members periods of rest and no risk of burning out. The separation of work efforts in a group also permits assigning members with the appropriate skills to certain jobs. Moreover this offers a diversity of problem solving styles; allowing for a more assorted set of ideas, thus improving the odds of survival. The division of skills and efforts can also provide members with a sense of self-worth, boosting morale and over all bringing a less stressful situation to the parties. Not only does this method allow for members to use particular skills but, it employs teamwork as well. Lastly, dividing jobs between group members decreases the physical stress on the body. According to http://survivalguide.net â€Å"It is very delicate balance when considering energy use in a survival situation. On one hand, the essentials, food, water and shelter must be maintained; on the other hand, you must conserve as much energy as possible in survival situations. Inactivity or a lack of confidence will result in poor decision making, a decrease in stamina and an early demise.† Given these points the division of work efforts within a group gives the highest probability of continued existence. FinallyShow MoreRelatedImpact of Gender in Media and Film1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe second group facts to consider are identified as a dynamics of survival and are developed from close but simplified observations of multiple cultures, societies and nations. In essence they can be described as follows; the basic and primeval thrust toward survival is survival of self. Survival of self is the strongest of all thrust toward survival and will in most situation be self-evident in an individuals actions and decisions; the second thrust toward survival is toward survival of the familyRead MoreUtility And Morals By John Stuart Mill1203 Words   |  5 Pagesstays and who goes. Leaving the elderly people behind would be a wise decision since they have limited motor skills and in an environment of survival it might be a risk. If any of them happen to have a disability it will impact their rate of survival. In a situation as dire as the one presented it’s important to have the means necessary to secure the survival of many. â€Å"John Stuart Mill, by contrast, argued that the rules of right and wrong should above all else achieve the greatest good for the greatestRead MoreSignificance Of William Golding s The Lord Of The Flies Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesBook Report 2. IDENTIFY THE INCITING INCIDENT OF THE PLOT AND EXPLAIN WHY THAT WAS EVENT WAS SIGNIFICANT. The conch is an item of significance in The Lord of the Flies. It symbolizes Ralph’s power and influence within the group of boys. Not only is it used to call other to meetings, but also to identify whose turn it is to speak. Therefore the inciting incident of this novel occurs when Ralph and Piggy discover and retrieve the conch. Afterwards, they blow on it and â€Å"mooed like a cow†(16) andRead MoreThe Survival Value Of Emotions1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Survival Value of Emotions In evolutionary theories of emotion, such as those established by Darwin, and further expanded by Robert Plutchik and Paul Ekman, emotions developed historically as a result of natural selection and functioned primarily for our survival (Ekman, 1992, p.169; Laurentian University (LU), n.d. 3.1 ). To respond to these needs, emotions were adaptive, meaning they had survival value, and thus were selected specifically to aid in reproduction, the protection of young, cooperationRead MoreThe Bravest Response To Fear833 Words   |  4 Pagesshape humans’ behaviors, clouding their judgement and decisions. Thus, the correct way to respond to this fear is to be aware of these emotions. This is explicitly demonstrated in William Golding’s , Lord of the Flies, which narrates the journey of a group of boys when they find themselves alone on a deserted island. Karen Thompson, in her TedTalk, â€Å"What Fear Can Teach Us†, said, â€Å"how we choose to read our fears can have a profound effect on our lives.† Specifically, fear has the ability of shape humans’Read MoreEmotions And The Human Race985 Words   |  4 Pagesphysically or mentally. According to the evolutionary approach to emotions, emotions are very important. They are the key to animal and human survival. Evolution states that emotions are passed on through genetic replication. It forms bases of behavior. Without emotions we would not be able to meet the selection pressures of natural selection, sexual selection, or group selection; all of which are needed to survive. Selection pressures can consist of a change that allows an animal to run slightly fasterRead MoreDivided We Stand : Institutional Sources For Ethno Federal State Survival And Collapse1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate Henry Hale’s article â€Å"Divided we Stand: Institutional Sources for Ethno federal State Survival and Collapse†. Hale’s attempts to respond to the criticism leveled against ethnofederalism, which posits that ethnofederal institutional arrangement leads to secession and consequently failure of central state. He argues that exis tence of a core ethnic region facilitates separatism and secessionism, which if addressed will resolve the misconception about ethnofederalismRead MoreThe Road By Frank Mccarthy1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe landscape of a post-apocalyptic society contains nothing to live for, it is a world without the people you love, without sun, flowers or food; only lawlessness, fear and uncertainty of survival. McCarthy creates a post apocalyptic world in his book, â€Å"The Road,† that addresses the issues of our time by illustrating the fears of society and the violence that accompanies them. These fears at the time were most recently initiated by the attacks of 9/11 and the subsequent Iraq war and the resultingRead MoreThe Goal Of Studying International Politics1549 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause it best explains the situation in Taiwan and presents the best generalizable conclusion for how the relationships between states work. The first theory, realism, is concerned with only survival and power in international relations. This is because realists assume that states are rational, unitary actors in a state of Hobbesian anarchy whose preferences are mutually conflictual. Hobbesian anarchy is a terrible state in which every actor cares only for their own survival. This means that underRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding784 Words   |  3 Pagesthe action of leading a group of people or an organization. Through the story, the Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, uprising or leadership transpired. Most of the conflict of leadership was between the two main characters, Jack and Ralph. One being the antagonist (Jack) who craved power and the protagonist (Ralph) who fought for survival and respect. In a group, their are people who have better qualities that best suits them for the role of the leader, in this situation, Ralph was the best leader

Conventional High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong Free Essays

string(68) " the school in order to plan a corresponding campus for the school\." Introduction Modernism ever emphasize that the signifier of infinite to be developed based on the nonsubjective conditions of the external environment, the architectural signifier can be to the full reflected as a consequence of its map, nevertheless, such type of architectural signifier which dominated by functionalism was progressively being questioned in modern times, some of the designers attempt to happen new waies from the abstract philosophical idea, and developed the alleged deconstruction. The Godhead of the theory of deconstruction was Jacques Derrida, he was a philosopher who questioned against the tightness of Manichaean thought in Western idea, and stressed the uncertainness of the text in ideological looks, he thought a deconstructive reading can analyse the binary resistances in metaphysics, and a new construction can besides be generated though the dismantlement processes. The Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College is situated at the junction of Hung Lok Road and Hung Lai Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong. We will write a custom essay sample on Conventional High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong or any similar topic only for you Order Now The edifice is developed on a brown field site which was antecedently utilized by KCRC as a workshop. The adjacent edifices of the premises is the Royal Peninsula residential belongings in the North of the site ( near Hung Hom South Road ) and the Hung Hom Peninsula residential belongings in the sou’-east ( near Hung Lok Road ) . The designer of Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) attempted to reflect upon the development of the urbanism of Hong Kong while the construct was in development phase in order to look for new possibilities. Attempted to research the function of deconstruction theory though analysis of the edifices in the metropolis. In Hong Kong, a metropolis with a high edifice denseness, institutional edifices are nevertheless usually low-rise. The Hong Kong Community College ( Hung Hom Bay Campus ) introduced a new alone construct in high-rise institutional tower typology, solid and null beat was applied in the high tower ; it besides introduced a new manner for learning and larning by spacial agreements of the edifice and provided gardens in the air, to supply a big figure of common infinites for sharing and interaction of the instructors and pupils. Background Conventional high rise edifice in Hong Kong With the growing of architecture design and edifice engineering, the skyscrapers are built higher and higher. Hong Kong, as the richest and fast working velocity metropolis in the universe, covers 1000s of skyscrapers and high-rise edifices in its limited land. In Hong Kong, the designers used to utilize light steel to build the edifices. And the exterior wall is covered by glass drape. This sort of design is beautiful and modern, but has some possible restrictions. Some analysis of the architecture exterior lift design in the universe reveals that the glass drape wall introduces successful solutions for the modern issue in the modern-day architecture. Yet, at the degree of architecture individuality and metropolis image, concrete exterior wall was non popular in the architecture design. Some inventive but frankly chilling signifiers of utmost urbanism were emerging as engineers invent constructs for of all time larger and more dumbly populated metropoliss like Hong Kong, but their signifier was merely for visual aspect and could non semiotically represent it ‘s map. With the building engineering developed, glass drape wall has become a necessary architecture design in the universe. Particularly the high-rise edifice and skyscraper all prefer to utilize the glass drape as the exterior wall. In Hong Kong, there are more than two thousand edifices that use the glass drape wall. However, there are some jobs to this architecture design particularly the light pollution which affects human life. The ornament of glass drape wall is like a elephantine glass mirror standing beside the street. This architecture design is really modern and beautiful, it could promote the city’s value and set it to a higher place. Some celebrated skyscrapers like International Finance Center, Central Plaza, Bank of China, The Center, Nina Tower etc. topographic point Hong Kong among the first metropoliss. But as the Hong Kong occupants mentioned, they do non prefer the edifice decorated with the glass drape wall merely, it is non healthy and causes many problems for the people who live inside and outside. The designer of Hung Hum Bay Campus attempted to dispute these conventional high rise edifices in Hong Kong, and to develop a new typology of high rise tower by interrupting down the elements in skyscrapers through deconstruction and reorganise it by his analysis, alternatively of merely utilizing glass drape walls to finish the design. The typical â€Å"Millennium† schools Hong Kong was holding a bound of land, most of the land was in a incline and merely little figure of them are level. The population in Hong Kong requires a batch of institutional installations, therefore, it was wasteful and non easy to plan every school campus unambiguously. In the twelvemonth of 2000, most of the building of Hong Kong ‘s public schools were harmonizing to the authorities ‘s standard design, those campus called the criterion â€Å" millenary † schools, and this â€Å" criterion † besides reflects the changing of clip, turning of the importance of societal instruction. A typical â€Å" millenary † campus occupies six thousand square metres, with a sum of 30 criterion schoolrooms and 16 particular suites. in add-on to common music room or art room, the campuses besides provide information and engineering acquisition centres, linguistic communication acquisition room, etc. The pupil resort areas are at the land floor, staff suites are at the top ( 7th floor ) , and the criterion schoolrooms are separated separately. Although the installations of the â€Å" millenary † campus were doubtless more comprehensive than in the yesteryear, it ‘s basically was still a â€Å" shaped â€Å" design, it reflected the inflexibleness of â€Å" shaped â€Å" instruction in Hong Kong. Mr. Patrick Lau, the caput of Hong Kong architectural, appraising and urban Planning section who has been involved in a figure of international schools edifices, said that an designer should understand the demand of infinite, educational doctrine and learning methods of the school in order to plan a corresponding campus for the school. You read "Conventional High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong" in category "Essay examples" The designer of Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College had questioned about the ground of utilizing â€Å" millenary † design. Since the authorities said it was convenience, and it can accommodate every schools. But it had really affected the instruction policy which both the building of the campus and the survey classs are â€Å" shaped â€Å" . Although the standard â€Å" millenary † campus allowed School patronizing organic structures to affect in the design, the result were still stereotyped, and the designs did n’t let pupils to interact since the resort areas, schoolrooms, activities suites and staff suites are seperated. So the designer of Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) broke down and reorganized the points and maps of the traditional â€Å"Millennium† campus and worked out the new design. Polytechnic University Semiotics Hong Kong Community College is a subdivision of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, to analyze how the Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) to be semiotically acknowledging and stand foring Polytechnic University, this paper surveies the semiologies of other campus of Polytechnic University. MAIN CAMPUS: img alt="C:UsersYukHinArchitectureUnisaContemporaryAssignment" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1284777.001.jpg"img alt="C:UsersYukHinArchitectureUnisaContemporaryAssignment" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1284777.002.jpg"/ The chief campus was the earliest reinforced campus of Polytechnic University, it was situated in the denseness metropolis of Hong Kong, the series of edifices were designed in simple regular forms and cylinders, no curves or irregular form was in the signifier of the edifices. They are all appeared in ruddy bricks lift, it was an alone and representative acknowledgment for Polytechnic University. Stripe patterns besides appeared on it ‘s facade design as a acknowledgment. West Kowloon Campus ( HKCC ) : West Kowloon Campus was another campus of Hong Kong Community College, both Hung Hom bay campus and it were designed in simple rectangular boxes faculties and applied solid and nothingness in the design while West Kowloon Campus was seting rectangular blocks together, and Hung Hom bay campus was undermining rectangular nothingnesss out ; they were both seting the gardens in the air which exposed to the lifts. Discussion Deconstruction means anti-structure, to defuse the nucleus of the construction ; which is characterized by anti-centrality, anti-dualistic resistance and anti-authority. The design of the Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College had semiotically defused the definition of a high rise tower, there was no Manichaean resistance significances between the plan of the design, different installations can be connected to portion. The designer had understood the educational doctrine and learning method of the Hong Kong Community College before the beginning of the design, he studied and referenced the learning methods in American instruction, which accent on unfastened look, esteeming the pupil ‘s thoughts, and to mix with the relationship of instructor and pupils. The design of the campus besides provided more infinites for pupils to sit down to chew the fat with the instructors. This paper will discourse the significance of it ‘s spacial agreement, the semiotic of it ‘s lifts and the signifier, the representation and semiotical significance of it ‘s material, in order to happen out how the edifice still be able to understand as a campus, and stand foring Hong Kong Polytechnic University through deconstruction. It can be perceived from the exterior lifts of the campus, a uninterrupted spiral concatenation of communal sky gardens along the tower block fringe was widening from the lower land floor to the seventeenth floor, they created loosen uping and pleasant infinites, which can be semiotically understood as a topographic point for larning. Alternatively of those, the agreement of the sky gardens besides re-interpretated the designer ‘s apprehension of out-of-door acquisition infinites and public infinites. Growthing workss on the sky gardens can be used as afforestation and enhanced sunlight acquiring in, a batch of afforestation embodies greening consequence and on the other manus brought out a feeling of daze and wonderful. Meaning of Space Throughout the deconstruction took topographic point in the design procedure, the Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College provided new significances to the institutional edifice by spacial agreements. The designers of Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) , AD+RG ( Architecture Design and Research Group ) , had created a modular planning design for the edifice, they developed a flexible â€Å"modular system of spacial combination† in the design, it was capable of future transmutation to ease the demand of adaptability or flexibleness. The premises target to provide of all time altering learning demands in hereafter every bit good as developing engineerings. In order to use a upper limit of available infinites above a limited country of land, Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) had designed a new spacial layout, it broke down the conventional resort areas or gardens on the land floor, and put them onto the tower to do it go sky gardens. Then insert popular assemblage activities adjacent to the gardens such as canteen, Student Union installations, etc. , in order to convey the popularity together to the upper steps of the campus efficaciously, which could follow the architectural design construct of perpendicular development. In add-on, the sky gardens on the edifice was non merely for making an ideal environment for the campus, it encouraged pupils to be inaugural to larn, besides heighten the pupil ‘s sense of belonging, and even made it a good topographic point for pupils treatment and to interchange their cognition. The campus design had made good usage of spacial layout, it used high rise building for perpendicular development, roof gardens was set nearby the populace installations such as schoolrooms, canteen, coffeehouse and library, unlike the criterion â€Å" millenary † campuses which the installations were separated without any connexions and interactions, it provided a new visual aspect for higher instruction establishments. In order to forestall congestions and holds occurs at the lift anterooms and chief entrywaies in this multi storey high rise campus at the extremum times, therefore, the spacial agreement, distribution and place of lifts, and escalators had item considerated when planing the edifice. All major talk suites were located at the lower block beside the platform, it can assist pupils get away efficaciously. Classrooms and installations for staffs was situated environing the public infinites, it means the designers encourage the communicating between instructors and pupils. Two big places were peculiar featured on the land floor and 4th floor as chief outdoor activities infinites, with the talk theatres, pupil brotherhood activity Centre, and providing countries environing, increased the Cohesiveness of the place. Elevation semiologies The coiling communal infinite organisation in the modular lift design was articulated by square shaped be aftering faculties to fit the communal infinite organisation and enhance air flow across the edifice mass. The design had integrated verdure into the lifts, characteristic trees and thenars were located at the semi unfastened communal infinites to heighten natural airing and besides as a focal point to make a alone landmark for orientation. The frontage design besides complied the semiotic characteristics of the chief campus of Polytechnic University, which stripe forms was applied to the exterior lift design of the solid parts as a acknowledgment of campus of the university. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1284777.003.png"/ Semioticss of Form Unlike other modern-day high rise edifices or skyscrapers, the signifier of the Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) was non merely designed for overdone or unnatural to pull attendings, it composes of assorted learning blocks stacked spirally in the air, which are separated with sky gardens at different degrees. The uninterrupted spiral concatenation of communal sky gardens could be perceived along the tower block fringe widening from the lower-ground floor to the upper-most floors. The gardens enrich the edifice lift with a natural, pleasant environment and aid to make a different unfastened acquisition and communal environment. In order to do good usage of all available infinites within a limited land, the Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) was composted with a lower platform and a high rise tower connecting by lifts at the centre of the edifice, it provided the natural airing and allowed adequate sunshine or daytime traveling into interior on the one manus, it could besides forestall the next edifices barricading the position of the architecture. The indoor garden without glass drape wall enhanced the interior position and permeableness. By seting sky gardens into different floors and places, beside supplying public acquisition infinites for pupils and instructors of the college, the semi unfastened sky gardens besides made the campus semiotically became an alone landmark in the metropolis. The public green place located at land floor and 4th floor were the nodes of the campus, achieved the organic combination of both unreal afforestation and natural ecology. The workss growing on the sky gardens were non merely for afforestation, in add-on, they were allowing Sun visible radiations get into the inside and supplying a natural and peaceable ambiance for survey. It had complied greening consequence to the perpendicular development of institutional edifice, provided much fresh air to the inside, and even provided a comfy ocular enjoyment for pupils, instructors, and other users. Material representation The material choice of the Hung Hom Bay Campus ( HKCC ) had been through a careful consideration, in order to accomplish a entity and crystalline ocular contrast between the solid and nothingnesss of the campus. The lift attempted to utilize two different stuffs, high transparence glass walls and the extremely entity traditional ruby colored bricks of Polytechnic University, which did non merely created different transparences, but besides benefits to command the strength of sunlight entries alternatively of merely utilizing â€Å" beautiful and modern † drape walls. Decision It was concluded that the Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community College can be semiotically understood as a new type of high rise institutional tower through deconstruction, and it can be easy recognized as a campus of Polytechnic University in consequence. The design broke down the elements of modern-day skyscrapers and high rise edifices and the conventional standard typical â€Å" millenary â€Å" schools campuses which was popular in Hong Kong through deconstruction. After analysis and reorganise those elements, the signifier of the edifice can still pull attendings from public, but it was in a simple manner but non in exaggerate or unnatural irregular forms ; schoolroom, staff room, gardens and resort areas still exists in the new campus, but became everyplace and synergistic, it provides a pleasant ambiance for both the users and the edifice lifts, which made the edifice semiotically understood as a campus for acquisition ; the traditional ruby colored bricks of Polytechnic University and the modern glass drape walls had still used, but they were looking in matching places, it enhanced the entity and crystalline ocular contrast between the solid and nothingnesss in add-on. The chief construct of Hung Hom Bay Campus of Hong Kong Community college was to bring forth an alone landmark of green edifice and present a new type of high rise institutional edifice through deconstruction, it was to the full demonstrated that a high rise building can still be successfully integrated with the elements of natural environment in a metropolis with extremist denseness. The campus shows the multiple benefits of a high rise green tower. This design non merely heighten the public presentation of the edifice and bettering the environmental comfort, on the other manus it provided a greening consequence as an oasis to the complex urban environment in Hong Kong. The advanced design uniting with the environmental mark of the undertaking was effectual and resulted as a favourable consequence. As a public architecture, the semi unfastened sky gardens and green place provided an Significant, impressive and gratifying green infinite in the metropolis. Bibliography Kate Nesbitt. Speculating a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965 – 1995. Princeton Architectural Press. 1 Mar 1996 Mallgrave, Harry Francis. An Introduction to Architectural Theory: 1968 to the Present. Wiley-Blackwell. 2011 What is post-modernism Website, hypertext transfer protocol: //home.educities.edu.tw/tsuiyh/go/ depo01007.html ( Sourced 5th October, 2014 ) Peter Chow.Green Building Case Study.( 2011 ) BEAM Society: Hong Kong Bernard V. Lim JP.The Hong Kong Community College.( 2009 ) The Hong Kong Institute of Facility Management: Hong Kong Lin Yunfeng.Urbanism and Architecture| Works of design.( 2009 ) AD+AG Ltd. : Hong Kong Liu Wen Tao.Compare the difference of architecture design in Hong Kong and Penang.( 2014 ) University sains Malaysia: Penang Zhang Weiping.City in Extreme—As the Prototype of † Asiatic Congestion Culture †.( 2007 ) World Architecture AD+AG Website, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.adrg.com.hk/magamedia.html ( Sourced 7th October, 2014 ) College of Professionals and Continuing Educations Website, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cpce – polyu.edu.hk/cpce/content.php? cms=905 ( Sourced 7th October, 2014 ) How to cite Conventional High Rise Buildings in Hong Kong, Essay examples

The Streets by Ann Petry free essay sample

An analysis of the book The Streets by African-American author Ann Petry. The paper analyzes the central themes of Ann Petrys book, The Streets written in 1946 about racism and ghetto life in Harlem. The paper also discusses the theme of abandonment by her husband and the way it altered her focus on attaining the American Dream. The paper shows that the situation in Harlem is indeed improving since the book was written, despite Petrys feeling of disillusionment of the place before her death several years ago. Contrary to some of Petrys statements, her success did not portray that of a victims mentality. Although she felt her race strongly influenced her chances of success, she had a strong belief that one must have a definite purpose in life. Her successes reflect this. Some people can take their unfairness of discrimination and use it in their favor. Coming from the upper middle class family, which she did, she was instilled in good values. We will write a custom essay sample on The Streets by Ann Petry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although she had powerful setbacks, she did achieve adequate success in her lifetime. These trying and hard times did not dampen her optimism. She was constantly reminded of reality, by well meaning friends and family. No one was going to take her focus off of achieving this American dream by overcoming poverty and defeat. It takes a strong person to block out the negativity of peoples opinions and remains focused. Lutie never does achieve her American dream completely, as she intended. She has made significant progress in pursuit of her goals; although ultimate result is that she is distracted.

Deming’s 14 Points Continuous Improvement, Prevention of Defects and the SDSA and PDSA cycles Essay Example

Deming’s 14 Points: Continuous Improvement, Prevention of Defects and the SDSA and PDSA cycles Essay Deming’s 14 Points for Leadership in the Western World is a well rounded guide for achieving excellence in management. The 14 points or guidelines are applicable to any domain or industry. One of the key insights offered by Deming is how a high level of quality (or even a zero-defect production record) does not pre-empt the scope for improvement. The very first point talks about creating a â€Å"constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service†. This indicates how improvement is an ongoing engagement that is detached from prevailing production quality. Deming makes clear that ‘defect detection’ and ‘defect prevention’ are preludes to the continuous improvement process. An optimal defect detection system would not operate on the misplaced assumption that increasing the quantity of tests (mass inspection) would automatically â€Å"decrease the variability of the quality characteristics of products and services.† Likewis e, a robust defect prevention system would not consider ‘zero defects’ as the ultimate hallmark of quality. Instead it would take into account the concept of ‘entropy’ in the life-cycle of a product and device methods for mitigating it. Continuous Improvement is basically looked at as the â€Å"ongoing reduction of process (unit-to-unit) variation, even within specification limits†. It is impinged on the fact that by reducing unit-to-unit variation around the nominal value the incurred production costs are also reduced. The SDSA Cycle stands for Standardize-Do-Study-Act, which is a technique for standardization of a process. The first key step toward standardization is identification of â€Å"best practice methods with key indicators of process performance†. Consensus among employees involved in the process is important. Hence a commonly agreed flowchart of the process is followed by all to ensure consistency. In the second stage (Do) trials and experiments are run on the standardized best practice methods. Following this, in the Study stage of the SDSA Cycle, the efficacy of the best practice methods are evaluated through an analysis of key parameters. Finally, in the Act stage of the cycle, managers attempt to ‘formalize’ the best practice methods that have stood the scrutiny of trials. But in order to materialize and enhance the best practice methods thus formalized the management will have to follow through the PDSA cycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Deming’s 14 Points: Continuous Improvement, Prevention of Defects and the SDSA and PDSA cycles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deming’s 14 Points: Continuous Improvement, Prevention of Defects and the SDSA and PDSA cycles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deming’s 14 Points: Continuous Improvement, Prevention of Defects and the SDSA and PDSA cycles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The PDSA cycle stands for Plan-Do-Study-Act. Its purpose is to aid the management in â€Å"improving and innovating performance†. In the planning stage, the formalized best practice methods developed using the SDSA cycle are reviewed. An attempt is made to ameliorate the methods formalized during the SDSA cycle. Often it results in making small adjustments to the flowchart from the SDSA cycle. Thus process improvement plans are laid out by the team. The three possible methods are: 1. Statistical analysis of key indicator data; 2. Benchmarking the process against another organization’s process; 3. Utilizing a list of tried and proven improvement concepts. The next step in PDSA is Do, whereby the outcomes of the plan are measured. In the subsequent stage (Study) the measurements thus obtained are studied from key indicators. Finally, in the Act stage, requisite corrective actions are taken. Reference: Edwards, Deming’s Theory of Management, Chapter 2, Part One, Foundations of Quality Management, pp. 38-50. Deming’s 14 Points for Leadership in the Western World is a well rounded guide for achieving excellence in management. The 14 points or guidelines are applicable to any domain or industry. One of the key insights offered by Deming is how a high level of quality (or even a zero-defect production record) does not pre-empt the scope for improvement. The very first point talks about creating a â€Å"constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service†. This indicates how improvement is an ongoing engagement that is detached from prevailing production quality. Deming makes clear that ‘defect detection’ and ‘defect prevention’ are preludes to the continuous improvement process. An optimal defect detection system would not operate on the misplaced assumption that increasing the quantity of tests (mass inspection) would automatically â€Å"decrease the variability of the quality characteristics of products and services.† Likewis e, a robust defect prevention .

The Use of Bibliography Compared to the Use of Literature Review

The Use of Bibliography Compared to the Use of Literature Review 82% of students who take a gap year, first of all, want to rest and take a step back from the academic field. So, if you are reading this article right now, you either have already enjoyed your time free from papers and research, or dismissed this opportunity not to waste months on understanding who you are and what you want to do with your life. Anyway, all your decisions have led you to this point when you need to grasp the difference between the use of bibliography and literature review (yeah, students often get them confused while writing academic assignments). You have to get your bearings around these two notions in order not to mix them up and submit polished, flawless papers with all its parts completed correctly. Now let’s see what the fuss is all about. Purpose The annotated bibliography is compiled to give a reader a review of all the sources used in an academic piece and their relevance to the topic together with their credibility. In the meanwhile, the literature review has to provide a brief summary of the subject researched in the paper by mentioning and exploring the main written works in the field. Content Organization There are several differences that you have to take into account while comparing and creating a research thesis with these 2 elements: In the bibliography, all the articles and books are arranged as a list according to the alphabetical order whereas the literature review has a structure of a regular text with an introduction, paragraphs and conclusion. Annotated bibliography mentions the source only once giving a small description (100-200 words) of its importance. The literature review can repeat the same works several times if it’s required. In the list, each scientific article or journal has to be analyzed separately while the review presents a number of resources and sorts out whether they disagree or agree. As you can see, these 2 elements are completely different and when you know the distinctive features of each one, it’s actually difficult to mix them up. But identifying details don’t end at this point. Formatting While creating an annotated bibliography, it is significant to take into consideration that its single source contains a description together with a citation preceding it. A citation always has to be formatted following the regulations of a certain referencing style (APA, MLA, etc.). A literature review, in its turn, abides by the rules of the text and in-text citation formatting. All in all, the annotated bibliography is a list of works mentioned in the academic paper organized in alphabetical order that gives a brief account of why they are relevant to the research. The literature review, on the other hand, touches upon the topic under research and specifies the major contributions published throughout some period. Bookmark our article with these definitions and characteristic features to keep it handy whenever you need to find your way around this difference again.

Contingency Model (DB) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contingency Model (DB) - Essay Example He prefer to monitor the progress of new ideas and innovation personally. He travels a lot to the respective locations to make his presence felt throughout his organization. He manages his time strictly to suit his work style and ranks his performance on the number of man hours utilized. He thus created an ambience where people will compete among themselves for a common purpose, performance. Mr. Gates keeps his organization in front of him rather than his personal agenda and he expects the same priorities to be set by his co-workers. Relatively Mary Kay Ash markets his ideas internally with good people management skills. Ash puts people in front, she concerns about her employees. She manages trains and motivates her employees through different ways with an intention to make them more competitive and more responsible towards their work. Ash sends a positive impression that organization cares for them who come out with better performers. They are similar in terms of their aim to drive the company to grow. Ash drives the company performance by encouraging and motivating employees by various employee friendly initiatives. Gates encourages new ideas and concepts generated internally and will personally monitor these ideas to convert them into perfect business opportunities. Gates is a task oriented person with more authoritative style

Giovanni's Room novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Giovanni's Room novel - Essay Example It is said that this issue took a long time before Descartes decided to highlight the issue in the air. On the other hand Cartesian Dualism only works on a specific factor that is if there is dual existence of man. According to the philosophical view of mind, dualism puts emphasis on the difference of radical manner between mind and matter. The issue is that there is denial of some facts in the nature of dualism. An argument states that the mind is not the same as the brain while others say that the mind is not a product of the mind. Talking of dualism, according to Descartes, man is consisted of two aspects which are matter or body and mind. These are the main factors that keep the aspect of dualism to prosper in the real world. Body or matter is the physical substance that does several physical things such as walking, talking and playing the accordion. On the other hand, mind is known as the substance of non-physical nature that has a thinking capacity, a doubting capability and it has the ability to remember several issues. It is sometimes related to the soul. In the novel Giovanni’s room, Baldwin expresses the issue of body and mind in so many issues thus going hand in hand with the argument by Descartes. For example, in the novel, time is an important aspect that is brought to show how David is out of time in making certain decisions. This shows that David is unable to think so as to make the right decisions. This means that David’s mind is not representing the roles of the mind of having the capability of thinking. Baldwin uses this scene to give a show on the issue of mind and its roles. Additionally, it is also shown in the letters written by David’s father to David urging him to make up his mind on what he is doing for his life. At one time David’s father repeatedly reminded David of his age and urged him to go back to America. This means that David

Overview Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay

Overview Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay The Castlefield viaducts form a part of the citys fascinating network of transport infrastructure, which includes canals, waterways, tram, rail and road. Starting from the period of their construction, these viaducts have been standing as a constant and dominating feature on the Manchester skyline. They are unique with respect to their historic significance and construction. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset.   In the 20th century the viaducts underwent a dramatic renaissance, and they were brought back into productive use and glory. Though time and lack of substantive maintenance are inciting threats to the life and beauty of the structure, they are in surprisingly good condition given their age. Proper maintenance and replacements will slow down the deterioration process of the structure. This report covers the structural, historical and architectural significance of the Castlefield viaducts. It highlights how the ageing infrastructures of the viaducts were effectively transformed to a landmark structure of the modern era. The restoration of the viaducts has given a dramatic revival to the Castlefield area, thus making use of the previously disfunctional structure. Thus our aim is to stress the importance of conserving the antiquated structures by making use of the scientific and technical knowledge gained through the ages. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Source Cover image Castlefield viaducts in 2010 Photograph supplied by author 1.1 Castlefield viaducts in 1890 Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher 1.2 Castlefield viaducts: An aerial view www.webbaviation.uk 1.3 Castlefield viaducts in 1892 A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.1 Roman fort of Mamucium www.bbc.co.uk 2.2 Castlefield excavations A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.3 Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts www.panoramio.com 2.4 Northern Brick viaduct www.panoramio.com 2.5 Flowchart showing birth history of viaducts Drawing supplied by the author 4.1 Botanical growth on the corners of the viaduct www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.2 Use of cherry pickers in removing corrosion www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.3 Breakage and corrosion of iron sections www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 6.1 Architectural beauty of viaducts www.creativity103.com 6.2 Economical use of spaces beneath the brick arches of the viaduct Drawings supplied by the author A.1.1 Great Northern viaduct :picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.1.2 Great Northern viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.2.1 Northern Brick viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.2.2 Northern Brick viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.3.1 Iron columns of the viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.3.2 Iron columns of the viaduct: present picture www.barrymillerphotographics.co.uk A.4.1 Cast-iron arch of viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.4.2 Cast-iron arch of viaduct: present picture www.engineering-timelines.com B.1 Plan of Castlefield in 1905 A walk round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke B.2 Plan of Castlefield in 1988 Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.3 Aerial photograph of Castlefield by Paul Tomlin Waterways into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.4 Plan and section of the junction between the Manchester and Birmingham and Liverpool and Manchester Railways. www.freepages.com 1. INTRODUCTION The Castlefield viaducts are the excellent examples of 19th century attitude to engineering. Their heroic brute scale is romanticised by the castellalated turrets adorning the structure. The name Castlefield is a short form of field of the castle or fort. Castlefield  is an  inner city  area of  Manchester, in  North West England. It is arguably one of the most historically important areas in the world. Innovations have proliferated here and many artefacts have been constructed. In 79 AD the Romans built their fort on elevated ground, and canals were dug to allow natural watercourses to be diverted to mountain water levels. The worlds very first railway station was introduced in Castlefield in 1830, to allow the first rail transportation of coal as canal basins were so numerous that the only practical means of utilising railway transport was to build viaducts. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01024.JPG Figure 1.1: Castlefield viaducts in1890 Castlefield is conspicuous by its viaducts and its canals. The viaducts have become an indelible part of the landscape, valued and treasured as part of Manchesters industrial heritage. The fact of increasing the efficiency of transportation, paved way for the construction of the Castlefield viaducts. Gradually plans were evolved not only to conserve the area but also to promote leisure and tourism. C:UsersreminDesktopcourse workbridge-castlefield-c8675.jpg Figure 1.2: Castlefield viaducts: An aerial view During the 20th century both canal and railway transport declined and the area became somewhat derelict. The railway complex in Liverpool Road was sold to a conservation group and became the  Greater Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01036.JPG Figure 1.3: Castlefield viaducts in 1892 2. HISTORIC RESEARCH 2.1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND STRUCTURE Castlefield is the site of the original Roman fort of Mamucium or Mamceaster (mam from the Celtic name for hill and ceaster derived from the Latin word for a walled town). The fort was about five acres in size and guarded important route ways to and from Chester, York and the Chesire salt wiches. The roads, railways and canals of the Industrial Revolution destroyed most of the surface remains of the fort and the vicus. The price of coal was halved, making steam power commercially viable. The Rochdale Canal and a network of private branch canals joined the Bridgewater at Lock 92 in Castlefield. The Bridgewater Canal company  connected their canal to the adjacent Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Rochdale Canal Company  constructed its Manchester and Salford Junction Canal. Figure 2.2 Castlefield excavations Figure 2.1 Roman fort of Mamucium Artists impression of Roman Mamucium (c) Graham Sumner C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01034.JPG As new railway companies needed to access the city centre through largely built-up areas, only one option lay open to them the building of viaducts to carry traffic over the city. The railway lines the central cast iron arch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham 1848 viaduct, with 1877 wrought iron Cheshire Lines Cornbrook viaduct obscured, and the massive piers of the 1894 disused Great Northern Viaduct behind constructed over the course of half-a-century provided leading railway companies with the access to the city centre. These viaducts provided a splendid solution illustration to the problem of carrying a railway across the city. The townscape of southern Manchester was given a new transformation by the railway and the Castlefield viaducts. In fact these viaducts are still the engineering beauties of Manchester especially Castlefield. C:UsersreminDesktopphotos1.jpg Figure 2.3.Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts C:UsersreminDesktopphotos2.jpg Figure 2.4: Northern Brick viaduct 2.2. BIRTH OF CASTLEFIELD VIADUCTS The arrival of the Bridgewater Canal in Castlefield in July 1761 led to a series of developments which eventually caused the construction of the Castlefield viaducts. These developments are indicated pictorially as shown below. Arrival of the Bridgewater Canal (marked Industrial Revolution) Joining of the Rochdale Canal and other private canals with the Bridgewater Canal Construction of warehouses and storehouses prompted the need for accessing city centre Decrease in the price of coal gave the idea of constructing railway lines for transportation. Construction of the Castlefield viaducts for enabling railway transportation Figure 2.5 Flowchart showing birth history of viaducts 3. STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW ORIGINAL STRUCTURE The cast iron arch railway bridge over the wharves by the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield forms part of the long brick viaduct taking the Altrincham branch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham Railway (MSJAR) into Deansgate Station. The MSJAR was Manchesters first suburban line. It ran from Manchester Piccadilly via Oxford Road and Deansgate (with a branch line to Altrincham). The bridge spans 31.9m. Like eight of its siblings (the exception being the Water Street MSJAR bridge), it has six cast iron ribs each made in five pieces and bolted together. The ribs are braced with cruciform cast iron sections. The twin railway tracks were carried on cast iron deck plates (the Altrincham line is no longer in use).The Altrincham branch viaduct had a second cast iron rib arch bridge by Baker, over Egerton Street. It was reconstructed in steel in 1976. The Northern Brick viaduct is entirely elevated on more than 2 miles of viaduct. Most of this viaduct comprises 224 brick arches, averaging 30feet in height and span, and 28feet in width. Foundations typically extend 30-35feet below the ground level. Near Ordsall Lane the railway crosses the Irwell with two much longer 65feet span brick arches, supported by a pillar in the middle of the river. A brick arch with a span of 80feet was required to bridge the canal branch. Supplementing the brick arches, the cast-iron bridges cross 26 streets and canals. Originally, flat-girder bridges were ear marked for these sections of the viaduct, but when an example of this type of bridge collapsed under a train in Chester in May 1847 the plans were altered amid safety doubts. In total, 28 cast-iron bridge sections were required (three at Knott Mill), all of them spanning 70ft, except for the example over the Rochdale Canal which spans 105ft. The bridges were obtained by engineer David Bell house from the foundries of E.T. Bell house. On the viaducts south side is the high-level iron truss girder viaduct of 1877 built for the  Cheshire Lines Committee by the  Midland Railway. It is known as Cornbrook Viaduct. The viaduct is a red brick and  wrought iron  truss girder construction. Building work started in 1873 and was completed in 1877. When it opened in 1877, it carried trains coming from a temporary station to  Irlam  and  Warrington, and  Chorlton  via a branch line. The temporary station was replaced by  Sir John Fowlers Manchester  Central Station  in 1880, which operated until 1969 and is now used as an exhibition centre (G-MEX). The through lattice girder design, predominantly of wrought iron, is around 330m in length, comprising eight spans. Formed from segmental castings and founded at a depth of 6.1m, the piers diameter tapers from 4.6m at their base to 3.2m at ground level. They are concrete-filled and tied to their neighbour by a girder dealing with lateral forces. Behind decorative castellation, bearing plates support the heavy end posts of 16 trusses, the longest of which reaches 53m. Each pair is restrained by brace beams at 6.4m centres. Span 7 is acutely trapezoidal, allowing span 8 to cross the Ordsall Lane line on a skew of around 65 ° its southern truss benefits from an additional orphaned column. The bottom chord of each truss forms a channel. The transverse bearers hold the deck plates and ribs to which the running rails are fastened. To the north is the 1894 Great Northern viaduct that served the  Great Northern Railways (GNR) warehouse. The high-level  tubular steel  viaduct is decorated with turrets. It was built for the Great Northern Railway Company and carried GNR trains to the companys Deansgate warehouse until 1963. Richard Johnson was a Chief Engineer of the GNR. The Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts stood disused for many years. When a route for the  Metrolink  trams was investigated, the Cornbrook Viaduct was found to be in much better condition than the 1894 one. It was chosen for refurbishment (1990-1991) and is currently used by Metrolink trams going to Altrincham. During the regeneration of the Castlefield basin, a spectacular footbridge was built from Slate Wharf to Catalan Square. This is the Merchants Bridge, where the 3m wide deck is hung by 13 hangers from the steel arches. The span is 40m. The designers,  Whitby and Bird  acknowledge the influence of  Santiago Calatrava. The three viaducts passed right through the ancient Roman site, virtually obliterating it, as the opening of the Rochdale Canal had already destroyed much of it, as well as the old town of Aldport. Except the Great Northern viaduct all the other viaducts are still in use. The Great northern viaduct is now offered for sale. 3.2. FUNCTION The Northern Brick viaduct carried the double tracks between Manchester Piccadilly via Oxford Road railway station and Knott Mill railway station, then turns south west, crossed the canal basin and headed for Altrincham.   It forms part of the long brick viaduct taking the Altrincham branch of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham Railway through Knott Mill Station. The Cornbrook viaduct is carried across Castlefield Basin on huge castellated brick piers and where it crosses the Bridgewater Canal an immense bridge of lattice girders was constructed with twin spans of 44 metres and 62 metres. It carried trains coming from a temporary station to Irlam and Warrington, and Chorlton via a branch line. At present 15 trams per hour (tph) use the Cornbrook viaduct which has fixed block two aspect signalling. When Phase 3a of the development process is complete, there will be 25 tph along the Cornbrook Viaduct. The Great Northern viaduct served the  Great Northern Railways warehouse i n Deansgate by carrying GNR trains to the companys warehouse until 1963. 3.3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY The Northern Brick viaduct in the group of Castlefield viaducts and its impressive cast iron arch bridge was designed by  David Bellhouse and William Baker respectively. This is the largest cast iron arch bridge in the Castlefield area with a span of 104 feet. Each of the six cast iron ribs are made in five pieces and bolted together. They are braced with cruciform cast iron sections and the twin railway tracks were carried on cast iron deck plates. The project was a very large one, at least in terms of material: 300,000 cubic feet of stone 50,000,000 bricks and 3,000 tons of wrought iron. The ground was broken for the new line early in 1846. Subsequently, the railway ran into some financial difficulties that delayed work for about 18 months so that the railway was not completed until 1849. Brick arches were constructed by laying the bricks and mortar over scaffolding, which would maintain the arch shape until the mortar had set and the form was self-supporting. This scaffolding was usually left in place for two to three weeks after the brickwork had been completed. However, in January 1849 a section of the viaduct near Gloucester Street, just to the west of Oxford Road station, collapsed upon removal of the supporting scaffolding, killing several workers. An inquest revealed that wet weather had caused the mortar to set more slowly than anticipated. As a consequence, the scaffolding was left in place for longer periods, especially during the inclement winter months. No other major accidents occurred during the rest of the MSJARs construction. Red brick and  wrought iron  form the major raw materials for the construction of The Cornbrook Viaduct. The Great Northern viaduct makes use of tubular steel construction. Decorative fittings in the form of small towers rising above and resting on the main structure adds beauty to the viaduct. 4. RESTORATION 4.1. WAY TO RESTORATION The restoration of the Castlefield viaducts gave a dramatic revival to the area, with the viaducts being brought back into productive use. The Annual Report on Built Heritage, 2006/07 categorised the Castlefield viaducts into Grade II, which indicated that the structure is of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them. Castlefields ageing infrastructure of the 1800s has been revived and in its place is one of Europes leading city break destinations, with some of the best shopping and most vibrant nightlife in the world.   By the 1970s the Castlefield area was decaying rapidly and was typical of many of the areas on the fringe of the city centre. In the early 1970s, excavations uncovered part of the site of the Roman fort. The process of removing the extensive, waist-high vegetation from the deck was relatively straightforward. Far more challenging has been the subsequent descaling work, ridding the viaduct of its loose material with hammers and scrapers. The abseil operation is self-contained, with collection bags and catch nets ensuring nothing falls to the ground. Progressing from west to east, the five spans of the first phase took place. But remaining phases were logistically more complex. The imaginative and sensitive conservation of the viaducts was to be achieved with high standards of urban design. When the Great Northern Railway Goods Warehouse was erected in 1898, the viaduct was widened on the north side to take four tracks, and a new spur built across Deansgate. The second cast iron rib arch bridge of the Altrincham branch viaduct was reconstructed in steel in 1976. The CLC Viaduct from Manchester Central Station to Cornbrook Junction was originally built as a two track viaduct then later widened to carry five tracks. Since the Cornbrook Viaduct was in much better condition compared to the Great Northern Viaduct, it was chosen for refurbishment in the year 1990 for a route for the  Metrolink  trams. It is currently used by Metrolink trams going to Altrincham. Central Station closed in 1969 and the viaduct was unused, except for business premises in the arches, until repaired and converted for Metrolink which opened in 1992. Repairs included pointing some 70,000 square metres of brickwork and replacing many thousands of spalled and missing bricks. Metal widening was strengthened by concrete encapsulation and local plating repairs where required. After the structural repairs had been completed the metalwork was grit blasted and painted to protect it. Corrosion damage caused by breakdown of the waterproofing system was repaired. Where needed main girder ends were encapsulated in a reinforced concrete diaphragm beam supported on new bearings. Other bearings were freed by drilling and injecting grease. The entire structure of Castlefield Bridge was lifted by 75mm as part of the work on its bearings. This improved headroom will allow future 25kV electrification of the Network Rail line from the railway Castlefield Junction, near Deansgate Station, to Ordsall Lane Junction. Subject to funding, plans are being developed for a major refurbishment to happen in 2012/13, involving a waterproofing exercise and miscellaneous repairs to restore some durability. The major challenge is to completely encapsulate the structure. The paintwork has to be restored- which seems to have been brush-applied in a single coat and causing considerable corrosion. It is important to remove the vegetation which has secured a foothold on the underside of the structure where much of the ironwork never gets the opportunity to dry. Adequate measures should be adopted to remove the blockages within the drainage system. Clearing debris from the trusses bottom chord and thereby allowing them to drain should be also given priority. 4.2. PRESENT CONDITION Though the Castlefield viaducts have given the city some of its most dramatic spaces, some limited drawbacks can be cited in relevance to the present day construction owing to the ageing infrastructure of the 1800s. One of the most important among them is the effect of corroding metallic surface. The forged bolts and fittings have become rusted. The damp conditions have been more conducive to corrosion. Periodic inspection and removal of huge amount of loose material from the corroded surface is required. The construction gave the bottom chord of truss a trough shape, which gets covered by water during rains. These corrosive water traps pose an attention seeking problem. The steelwork of the supporting columns has peeling paint and patches of rust. The iron layers have got broken at intervals.   There are evidences of staining and efflorescence and botanical growth due to the seepage of water through the brick joints. The younger but sicklier northern viaduct remains devoid of func tion except for its iconic role in the cityscape and frequent on-screen appearances. 4.3. REMEDIAL MEASURES Time and a lack of substantive maintenance and Manchesters notorious weather have not been kind to the structure. The observations confirmed that loose corrosion product was falling from the structure. The botanical growth and vegetation should be removed from the structure. Another significant maintenance work to be carried out is the descaling work. The viaducts should be made devoid of its loose material with hammers and scrapers. Descaling could be done more easily with the use of cherry pickers. The piers and soffits should be cleared and protective coatings should be applied. The iron sections should be inspected for breakages and necessary replacements should be done at intervals. Measures should be adopted to ensure waterproofing effect at the critical sections. http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-7.jpg http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-1.jpg Figure 4.2: Use of cherry pickers in removing corrosion Figure 4.1: Botanical growth on the corners of the viaduct C:UsersreminDesktopcourse workcs cwphotos9.jpg http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/images/castlefield/castlefield-4.jpg Figure 4.3: Breakage and corrosion of iron sections 5. PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED 5.1 DAVID BELLHOUSE (1792à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1866) David Bellhouse (junior) was the contractor for the construction of the Northern brick viaduct, which was completed in 1849. Bellhouse hailed from a family rich in construction and business experience. His father David Bellhouse (senior), (1764-1840) was a skilled joiner and builder. David Bellhouse (junior) started his career by erecting warehouses, mills and public buildings. During 1830, he built 5 brick warehouses for Manchester and Liverpool railway at the Liverpool road station in Manchester, the worlds first railway station. Later he took advantage of the rising railway boom due to industrial revolution and concentrated his work within Manchester and surrounding area. In 1845, Bellhouse got the contract to build the mile and three quarter long Manchester South Junction Railway. The viaduct passed very near the Bellhouse family businesses, both the timber yard and the cotton mill. In addition to building the viaduct and laying the track, Bellhouse was responsible for the purchase and demolition of buildings on the proposed site of the line, the alteration and diversion of streets. The track was laid on a thirty-foot-high arched viaduct through a densely populated part of Manchester. The railway was finally completed in 1849. The viaduct is still in operation today. Other prominent projects constructed by Bellhouse include Chorlton on Medlock Town Hall and Dispensary Exhibition house of the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society The Palatine Hotel Manchester Poor Law Union Moral and Industrial Training School WILLIAM BAKER (1817-1878) William Baker was a railway engineer. He designed the Northern brick viaduct, Castlefield. He started his career in 1834 at the  London and Birmingham Railway  between London and  Tring. In 1837, he worked for the  Manchester and Birmingham Railway. Later he became engineer of the  Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR). Eventually, he was appointed as the chief engineer of the London and North Western Railway Company. He wholly constructed, or remodelled and extended, the stations of the company in London, Liverpool and Manchester, as well as the stations in Birmingham, Preston, Bolton, Crewe, Warrington and Stafford.  Baker was designer and engineer of the  Battersea Railway Bridge.  He also acted as consulting engineer to the West London Extension Railway and the  North London Railway, and in Ireland he built the Dundalk, Newry and Greenore and the North Wall Extension Railways. He was elected  MICE  in 1848. THE  CHESHIRE LINES COMMITTEE  (CLC) The  Cheshire Lines Committee  (CLC), with a route mileage of 143 miles, was the second largest  joint railway  in Great Britain. The Cheshire Lines group was formed by a joint committee of the  Great Northern Railway  (GNR), Midland railway (MR) and the  Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway  (MSLR) in 1862 to regulate traffic on four proposed lines in  Cheshire The Stockport Woodley Junction Railway The West Cheshire Railway The Cheshire Midland Railway The Stockport, Timperley Altringham Junction Railway There was also a decision to open important series of lines and junctions around the south of Manchester and Stockport, which provided valuable access with other railways. In 1873, Premier main line between Manchester and Liverpool opened. Shortly Liverpool central was opened. The committee studied the need of an independent terminus at Manchester. As a result, they constructed Manchester central and a new 2 track viaduct from Cornbrook to central station. There was significant passenger and goods traffic between Liverpool and Manchester during this period. The second major route, which the CLC operated, was between Manchester and Chester. Even today, the CLC line between Manchester and Liverpool is the quickest route between the cities, but are utilising Piccadilly and Lime Street stations, respectively. 5.4 RICHARD JOHNSON (1827-1924) Richard Johnson was apprenticed to a builder and contractor as a carpenter in 1840. In October 1847 he was appointed to the staff of Brydone Evans, engineers to the GNR. In 1855 he was appointed District Engineer to the GNR loop line with an office in Boston and in 1859 he became responsible for the direct Peterborough to Doncaster line. In June 1861 he became Engineer for the GNR when Mr Walter Marr Brydone retired (with Joseph Cubitt as Consulting Engineer). He observed the Welwyn tunnel accident and fire. He was in charge of constructing the Derbyshire Extension Railways, notably the viaduct at Ilkeston over old coal workings, the curved viaduct at Gilbrook, and the long Kimberley cutting. He was also involved in the Newark Dyke Bridge, the Don Bridge, the Copenhagen tunnels, and the bridge over the GER at Peterborough. Richard Johnson was the Chief Engineer of the GNR and was responsible for the design of Great Northern viaduct of Castlefield, which was constructed in 1894. He d ied in Hitchin on 9 September 1924. HENRY HEMBEROW Henry Hemberow was an engineer by profession and was appointed as Resident Engineer working under the supervision of Mr. William Baker for the construction of the MSJAR. His direct involvement in any design works is not known. It is also not known if he had any direct contributions to the Castlefield viaducts in particular. The lack of information found about him during research may suggest that the impact he made in his role here and in his career as an Engineer, was not as significant as others of his time. 6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STRUCTURE In the 20th century Castlefield underwent a dramatic renaissance, with many historical buildings being brought back into productive use and glory. The Castlefield viaduct provides a strong contrast to these new structures, portraying the areas rich heritage and its prominence as the birthplace of the industrial revolution. 6.1 ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE The Castlefield Viaducts are of fundamental importance to the infrastructure of the area. Historically they functioned as a link for the transport of goods to the industrial centre. They are now a part of the citys efficient network of transport infrastructure, which includes canals, waterways, trams, rail and road. The viaducts dramatically transformed the scale and visibility of urban exchange of the area, without disrupting the natural landscape and long established built-in environments. They are centrally located at one of Manchesters most successful regeneration areas in recent decades. The viaducts play a significant role in strengthening the tourism base, consolidating and supporting business activity. A vibrant residential community has been established. The rapid growth of commerce and population gave rise to further renovations of the structure. 6.2. ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE The Castlefield Viaducts are reminders of Manchester citys bold and distinguished Victorian era architecture. At sunset, the viaducts cast quite remarkable geometric shadows across the arena and over Castlefield, which is a beautiful sight and adds to the cultural feel of the area.  The viaducts provide a dynamic viewpoint for the whole of Castlefield. Through the reconfiguration and reuse of this previously disfunctional infrastructure, this area was the most visible expression of the existence of the Central Manchester development corporation between 1987 and 1997, although its gentrification has produced a lessening of the dramatic impact of the original host structure. As the backbone of the city the Castlefield viaducts have been a continual part of Manchesters regeneration, as well as its history. They are aesthetically distinctive and have landmark qualities.   Figure 6.1: Architectural beauty of the viaducts http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6-1ZWzByHny9hPzslsIvlZmH_Mppe8by6Ym-2Uc3xwyYRtEUt=1usg=__5iZaJ3v6ohnr-SeLY92OoiLGXl8= Figure 6.2: Economical use of spaces beneath the brick arches of the viaduct http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT7Tk1yhTqk7MNltiVHnmZMMZw6Aa_s286FhXyyfkbX-VKC_hkt=1usg=__L2CIQTAEsSpRfjkObWnxa86aC2Q= 6.3. SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION TO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The Castlefield viaducts were the first of their type, and consequently are vital artefacts in the history of Manchester and the railways. They are noteworthy for both their design and size. One of the arches of the viaduct, the arch over the branch canal at Castlefield, had a span that was unus

Performance Appraisal Essay

Performance Appraisal is a formal management system that provides for the evaluation of the quality of an individual’s performance in an organization, and is usually prepared by the employee’s immediate supervisor, and the procedure typically requires the supervisor to fill out a standardized assessment form that evaluates the individual on several different dimensions and then discusses the result of the evaluation to the employee (Grote, 2002). According to Grote, too often, performance appraisal is seen merely as a once-a-year drill mandated by the personnel department, but in organizations that take performance appraisal seriously and use the system well, it is used as an ongoing process and not merely as an annual event. To obtain the best information possible if performance appraisal data must be used, four phase model of performance appraisal must be used, and these are through, performance planning, performance execution, and performance review. In performance planning, this is usually set at the beginning of the year, the manager and individual get together for a performance-planning meeting in which they discuss what a person will achieve over the next 12 months. In the performance execution, the manager provides coaching and feedback to the individuals to increase the probability of success and creates the condition that motivate and resolves any performance problems that arise and in the midway through the year, they meet to review the individual’s performance thus far against the plans and goals that they discussed in the performance planning meeting (Grote, 2002). In performance assessment, the manager reflects on how well the subordinate has performed over the course of the year, assembles the various forms of paperwork that the organization provides to make this assessment, and fills them out, and the manager also recommend a change in individual’s compensation based on the quality of the individuals work (Grote, 2002). The completed assessment form is then reviewed and approved by the appraiser’s boss, department head, or the compensation manager. In performance review, the manager and the subordinate meet, usually about an hour, and they review the appraisal form that the manager has written and talked about how well the person performed over the past 12 months, and at the end of the review meeting, they set a date to meet again to hold a performance-planning discussion for the next 12 months, at which point the performance management process anew (Grote, 2002). Self-ratings fit to this approach in the way that, it is needed by the manager in the performance assessment to be able to fully evaluate the employee.

African American Politicians

During the reconstruction era over two thousand African Americans served in federal, state, and local offices. Information on these individuals is difficult to find, seeing as during this time black lawmakers were condemned as subhuman, and in no need of documentation. Eric Foner, author of Black Politicians in the Reconstruction Era, stated that of the two thousand he only found about 1465 for his book. A great deal of the information on these men and the offices they held was obscure and incorrect. Many scholars had false information about the education level of these African American lawmakers. For example, many scholars claimed that most black delegates to the Georgia convention were illiterate, actually twenty-two of these thirty-seven could read and write. This was impressive seeing as it was against the law in many states for African Americans to be taught how to read or write. The basic research on these politicians was not done because these scholars thought they knew all they needed to know. These lawmakers were black; many were ex-slaves, so they must have been ignorant, corrupt, and incompetent, this was the stereotype, but it was not so! Many of the African American leaders saw fit to educate themselves. Men like John Roy Lynch, who took time off from his photographer†s studio to observe a white classroom from across an alley. He continued this until he had mastered all of the classes taught there. Situations like this show the desire and determination these men had to learn. He used this training to become speaker of the Mississippi house and later a member of congress. These are only two of the many examples of African Americans who self educated themselves in a time when African Americans were banned from education. Others did have a formal education. In South Carolina, State Treasurer Francis L. Cardozo attended Glasgow and London. He was a minister in New Haven and a principal for the School for Blacks in Charleston. These were better credentials than some white politicians had. Economically black politicians were in no way reaping the monetary rewards that Conservatives and white carpetbaggers enjoyed. While African Americans status impressive compared to other freedmen, most could not translate political power into a share of the economic growth of their states. Even prominent leaders such as Hiram Revels, who was the first the first black man to serve in the United States Senate sometimes found it necessary to take small loans from white politicians to meet every day expense. The reconstruction era was a difficult time for African American politicians. In a time when negative stereotypes where all too common, and the color of your skin determined your level of intelligence in the eyes of many. Black leaders had to work twice as hard to accomplish half as much. An extremely relevant point, and a credit to the African American politicians was the fact that there was a very small amount of vindictiveness in their actions and words. They had no dreams or desires to take advantage, or become greedy with the power they were beginning to acquire. They seemed more fixated on receiving what they thought they were entitled to. Beverly Nash, a member of the South Carolina convention, asserted in his first speech, â€Å"the white man is a true friend of the black man. He went on to say, â€Å"I you could see the scroll of the society that banner represents, you would see the white man and the black man standing with their arms locked together, as the type of friendship we desire. † Even when some leaders such as Henry McNeal Turner, who was almost universally disliked by whites, still did what he could to assist in helping the white economy recover its economic strength. Even after all that was done to them, the black leaders held no resentment, and worked for the benefites of blacks and whites as a whole. In conclusion, there are many misconceptions about African American leaders during the era of reconstruction. From their level of education, to the positions they held, and the lifestyles they lead. Black leaders were equally, if not more qualified than their white counter parts for political positions. Unfortunately they were not being compensated in the same manner as the white politicians.